The Sinc Times

mmmmrm mm mm mmmm***************************

THE 'SINC TIMES
NATIONAL SINCLAIR TIMEX NEWSLETTER

July/August 1985; vol. 4, no. 4
$2.00/issue, $12.0O/year

Supporting the Sinclair and Tieex Personal Cosputers

Writers: Bian Bauer John Bloxhai Narti Kitiyakara

3327 6 Rd.

Clifton, Co. B1520

18 Lea Close
Stratford-upon-Avon
Warwickshire
England CV37 9JS

2917 Ursulines Ave
New Orleans, La. 70119

Editors Joseph DelTOrfano
122 Heaver St.
Snenwich, CL 06830
(203) 531-7677

***|**|**$********************** ****** ************** ************ ************ ****** *******

EDITORIAL

Hn 0 j-,, ],t seems that uncle (oops, I mean Sir) Clive is in trouble- Sinclair Research
15 nn’the vergs’of bankrupcy. Recording to my sorcss they are being sued by the Hoover
company tor debts clue to the manufacture of the Sinclair electric car- John Bloxham says
in the JB Corner that Robert Maxwell, a newspaper publisher, has offered to buy out
Clive’s share, but I understand that he has backed out on the deal, cCan you verify this
or add to it, John?) 1 don’t know how this will effect us here in the states, but just
remember that despite Sinclair’s financial woes due to his electric moped., the Spectrum i=»
still the most papular computer in England.

Speaking of finances, many of you owe dues to the club (has it really been a year
now? Time flies...) Anyway, if you find an asterisk or. you mailing label, then please send
money so that I don’t have to suspend any memberships. The group has grown some in the
past year, and I expect it to grow even more next year. Just as a quick sneak preview of

what’s ahead, it looks like we may have the opportunity to expand
area and hold monthly meetings. If there’s enough interest here, I
plans. That would mean a lot more communication, and a whole bunch of fresh ideas

can put out to you
good here!

folks through this newsletter

4 h *! 4

through the New York
11 go ahead with my
that I
have somethin q

Incidentally, there are “heaps and gobs" (thanks,
the New York area. It seems that Timex told a few fibs
70,000 units and produced only 100,OoO! If that’s true
2o6d’s coming from? C’mon, Timex, give us a break!

Tom!) of 2o68’s still available in
when they said that they sold
then where art? all these new

On the lighter side of the
full review of it within. There’
machine code by our friend Narti
some info on software available

news, I have received my Aerco disk system, and have a
s also news from the source in the JB Corner, and some
kitiyakara- And to round out this issue I have included
from 21st Century Electronics, Until next time then, keep

on 2 X ’ i n !

Page 2

MEMBERSHIR ROSTER

THE SINC TIMES 4:^

Brian Bauer

3327 6 Road

Clifton, Col. 81520

John Bloxham

18 LeaClase

Stratfard-Upan-Avan

Warwickshire

England CV37 9JS

Tom Carroll

Vassar College

Box 1673

Poughkeepsie, N.Y. 12601

Joanne H Choly

62 Glenwoad Ave.

Stratford, Ct. 06497

Ralph Coietti

869 Levitt F'kwy

Rockledge, FI. 32955

Jeff Craddock

333 N. 5th St.

Burbank, Ca. 91501

Sue Currier/Softsync

14 E. 34th bt.

New York, N„Y. 10016

Jack Decider

P.O. box 305

Casselberry, FI. 32707

£.0 Feldman

400 S. Burnside Ave.

Los Angeles, Ca. 90036

John Kemeny (BC5/TSU6)

234 Great Rd. Apt. D-5
Acton., Mass. 01720

Richard A. Kircher

437 Penguin Dr.

Satelite beach, FI. 32937

Marti Kitiyakara

2917 Ursullnes Ave.

New Orleans, La. 70119

Jim McKenzie

20401 Caul son St.

Woodland Hills, Ca. 91367

Russell C. Parker

7814 Keeler Ave.

Skokie, Ill. 60076

Silicon Valley S/T Users
Attn: Rita L. Carr

Box 4133

Santa Clara, Ca. 95054

Sam Speed, Jr.

P.Q. Box 1264

San Diego, Ca. 92118

James Stanta

8625 Shady Glen Dr.

Orlando, FI. 32819

Edward Stone

Rt. 11, Box 93

Gainesville, Ga. 30501

Syntax

Attn.: Judy Larimer

RD 2, box 45/

Harvard, Ma. 01451

l • C nnr

Y 511 s w • vcuiywi

Bethlehem Tool
box 346 C

Retreat Rd.

Island Pails, Me. 04747

Richard Lieberman, M.D.
9535 Reseda Blvd., #204
Northridge, Ca. 91324

rsus

c/a Dick Seavilie

231i W. Cluo Bivd.

Durham, N.C. 2/705

LAI 8

c/o Jules Gesang

P.O. box 725
bladensourg, Md. 20710

E.K. Lindsay
c/o Mitre Corp.

Box 203

Bedford, Ma. 01730

Kevin Dsbray

36 Arch St.

Greenwich, Ct. 06330

Gregory C. Harder

P.O. Box 6493

Denver Co. 3 020 6

Enoch La Touche

710 Azure Ave. NE

Palm Bay, FI. 32905

THE 5INC TIMES 4:4

Lawrence Holmes Jr.

P.D. Box 1921

Ft. Walton beach, FI. 32549

Mike O’Kane

2121 Plaza Del Amo

Torrance, Ca. 90501

Mike Mahal ski

175 Elizabeth Blackwell St.
Apt. 806

Syracuse, NY. 13210

HARDWARES REVIEW
t:XP/3<JOO D1E3K E3V31 fc£M

b y j 0 6? Doll ' Or'-t cin cj

First l»r me explain. The EXP/3000 is tne system sold by 21st Century Electronios.
It is completely encased, and includes one double sided double density drive, and is based
around the AERCQ FB-68 disk controller board. You can see what is included in the s/st
by reading the information reproduced on the following pages, so let me try to give you
user’s perspective of the drive system.

, t should ^ noted that as of this writing, only BASIC, binary, and screen files are
supported. Howe^r, AERCQ promises that the system will be able to support five more types
of fixes (see below). The system also offers four different types ot disk format,. Time..,
Spectrum, CP/M, or none at all. However, only the Timer, format is available now.

That it’s faster than tapes does without saying. However, this setup is even faster
than most disls I’ve had experience with. Also, the DOS is on a s ^ r ^e chip so it

fakes up no RAM space at all. And, finally, it includes an extra *4k bank which take

r^ r tridq» dock. This means that machine code programs tor aven th« bpectrum
^OH) can l.' loadedIn'to this bank and run like a cartridge. I imagine that t is will be
the n=st type of Spectrum emulator we’ll be seeing. Also, this o4k bank will huus t

rpL, when it becomes available (I am told this will be a month or two ; down the

._,r, i s j s - , . ,.. t-h-vt T ran n ri 1 onosr use my cartridgs».

road). The disadvantage to this setup, though, - • t SinuUtor and States

This is no big loss, however, since ai i 1 have on careriage --

and Capitals!

Wei 1

it seems to be a good system, but its uesu

in^Vjijra overall is its

espanoabl 1 ity. i”. JulTCoIn «« system as it stands now and V* there
which ha= yet to be implemented on it. How much it will improve m -■

be seen? V think that we are an the doorsteps of a ..jor advancement in T S and Zx
computing.

THE DISC COMMANDS

The MOVE command is used to write information from the computer to the
disc. The information may be of any of the types supported by the cassette
tape system as well as several others. The type of information is
described by a period and three letters after the name you give the
information. This addition to the name is commonly called an EXTENSION.
These are the Extensions currently supported.

.ARO ARCS runs in the dock bank starting at 8000 Hex.

.BAS BASIC program and its variables.

.BIN BINARY data.

.BUT BOOT program to be executed from cold start.

.CHR CHARACTER array.

.DAT NUMERIC array.

-LRO LROS runs in the dock bank starting at 0.

.SCR SCREEN is a copy of the video display.

The extension is always 3 letters, but the main part of the name may be
any length from 1 to 10 characters. For example, to save the video display
as PIX, you would enter the following command: M0VE“PIX.5CR\ The
screen data will be saved onto the disc that was last used. If instead of
using the currently selected drive you wish to specify drive C enter
MOVE"C:PIX.SCR",

The .ARO extension: SAVES/LOADS memory in the Dock Bank, starting
at address 8000H. The Chunks are selected and the program is started per
the standard TIMEX rules for operating an AROS (Application ROM
Orientated Software). Instead of running it from ROM, you are running it
from RAM as loaded from the disc.

The .BAS extension: SAVES/LOADS BASIC program and data areas. An
optional Decimal parameter may be specified as the starting Line
Number. For example, to SAVE a program that is to commence running from
Line 100 when loaded, enter MOVE"NAME.BAS\I00 To LOAD the
program, enter CAT"NAME.BAS", A BASIC program may be started at a
different location when it is loaded by specifying a new Start Line
numeral, as CAT" Name. BAS“, start line.

The .BIN Extension: SAVES/LOADS binary data. It is the equivalent of
CODE in the tape system. Two Decimal Parameters are required when
saving: the Start address and the number of bytes. No parameters are
required to LOAD the CODE back into the system. For example: to SAVE 850
bytes starting at 26440, enter MOVE 'NAME.BIN", 26440, 850. To LOAD

it back, enter CAT "NAME.BIN", A Binary program may be loaded into a
different location by specifying the new location, as CAT“
Name.BIN“,newnumber.

*

The .BUT extension: An assembly language program written at 3400H
(0D40H in the SPECTRUM mode) and saved with the command
MOVE"0.BUT", will be executed when the system is first turned on. Be
sure that any programs that your boot program calls are on the disc.
CAT 0.BUT , will load Track 0, Sector I of the currently selected disc
into the Boot memory area. 128 Bytes are available for the Boot program.

MANCHESTER GUARDIAN WEEKLY. June 23, 1985

Rescue for
Sinclair

By Paul Brown

MR ROBERT MAXWELL, the
publisher, has taken a controlling
interest in Sir Clive Sinclair’s
home computer company, in a £12
million rescue campaign.

After nine hours.of talks be¬
tween the two men at the week¬
end, Mr Maxwell agreed to take a
controlling share in Sinclair Re¬
search for a nominal sum in return
for sinking £12 million into the
company by buying the majority of
a new share issue.

The rescue comes after several
weeks of attempts to save the
company, which has been left with
£30 million worth of unsold home
computer stock after a collapse in
the market,

|he Bank of E ngl a n d stepped in
to help Sir Clive after Mrs Thatch¬
er was said to be taking a “dose
personal interest” in his company’s
fate. Her Government knighted Sir
Clive two years aco.

Mr Maxwell, the publisher of
Mirror Group Newspapers, is tak¬
ing control of Sinclair Research
through another company, Hollis,
which is a subsidiary of Mr Max¬
well's Pergamon Press.

Sir Clive, who pioneered Brit¬
ain’s first pocket calculator, home
computers, and pocket television,
was hit by a drop in sales last
Christmas which began to pile up
unsold stocks.

It followed a four-year sales
boom which has put computers
into 18 out of every 100 British
homes. Sinclair had 40% of the
British market.

Mr Maxwell will become chair¬
man of S i ncl ai r Research, with Mr
Sinclair life president.

L_ 1 Hfc£

FUR KUN

— IN MACHINE CODE:
t) v N 4a r-1: i Kitiyakara

I don't normally go in for writting my own machine code programs, but
I do like to keep in practice, and this is more or less the result of
that keeping in practice. You've probably already seen life' programs,
and this one offers nothing new, except speed. It is really an inefficent
program, but it is also pretty easy to understand, it reads like a program
written in Pascal, but that's reasonable enough because it was first
written in Pascal. The comments in each of the subroutines should
make their purpose clear enough, and I think that they are small
enough so that the code for them is fairly clear as well. The BASIC
program need only set up the original colony, and keep calling the
main routine, machine code does all the work, but I wanted it to return
to BASIC so that it would be easy to break out of. I used a very
simple method for setting up the colony, but it is easy enough to
add a more sophisticated routine* to do so (you may want to actually
set them up on the screen, with a joystick, and them have the program
determine where they are, or what-ever). If you want to add routines
to save and load colonies it's just SAVE "???"CODE 53248,704, and
you can add what-ever frills you want to that as well. As far as
entering the code the first time goes, I've included the decimal,
hex, and mnemonics for it, start POKEing it in at 53956* If you
use an assembler and move it around (I had to put it pretty low in
memory to avoid my DOS), be sure to note where the first bytes of
LIFE, CLER, and ARAY are for use in the BASIC program, and also
change the value of DE in the routine UNDR to the last byte of ARAY.

Well that's all for now, by next time I'll have my computer back,
a friend is using it for typing something right now, and will have something
new, I've gotten ZIP BASIC, a BASIC compiler, and I hope to be
soon getting Pascal and C for my disk drive, and I'll review at
least the BASIC compiler for the next issue.

ARAY 02C0h bytes -for the growing surface.
DAT1 i byte, temporary storage.

DAT2 2 bytes, temporary storage.

PRNT ; given the proper data in A print a space or "0” for
absence or presence of a cell.

CP 00 ;

JR NZ.+4

00 = no cell

JMP1

LD A,20 ;

JR +6

space

CP 03 ;

JR 2, JMF'l

03 - a comming birth

LD A,4F ;

RST 10

RET

"0”

DI3P

i display the
LD HL,ARAY

LD BC.03C0

entire growing surface.

LOP 1

LD A,(HL)

CALL PRNT

INC HL

DEC C

JR NZ,LOP1

BJNZ,LOP1

RET

the

UNDR i a new index for the array has gone under the limit.

LD DE.D2C0 ; the end of the array for anyone moving the
code

EXIT ADD HL,DE
POP DE
POP DE
RET

OVER ; same as under but the value is over the upper bound.
LD DE,ARAY
JR EXIT

BCHK

; check to make sure the index is within the bounds of the
array.

PUSH DE

I—. I * r* ¥ ! ! 1 *

ruon nu
LD DE.ARAY
SBC HL,DE
JP M,UNDR
LD DE.02C0
SBC HL.DE
JP P,OVER
POP HL
POP DE
RET

GENR

L0P2

CNGE

LOF’3

LIFE

CLEF:

LOP 4

; mark all new births and deaths.
LD BC.03C0
LD HL,ARAY
CALL CHCK
LD A,(HL)

CP 00
JR NZ,+5
CALL BRTH
JR +3
CALL DETH
INC HL
DEC C

JR NZ.LQP2
DJNZ, LQF'2
RET

; change all markers to a life cell or no cell.
LD HL,ARAY
LD BC,03C0
LD A,(HL)

CP 02
JR Z,+4
CP 03
JR NZ,+2
DEC (HL)

DEC (HL)

INC HL
DEC C

JR NZ, LOF’3
DJNZ, LOF'3
RET

5 display
CALL DISP
CALL GENR
CALL CNGE
RET

the

la

generation,

and produce the next one.

s clear the growing surf

LD HL,ARAY

LD BC,03CO

SUB A

LD (HL),A

INC HL

DEC C

JR NZ, LOF’4
DJNZ, LOF'4
RET

0 m

Decimal code

254

0

32

4

62

32

24

6

254

3

40

248

62

“7 ©

215

201

Q

203

1

192

3

1

CO

205

196

210

35

13

248

16

246

201

17

192

210

25

2

09

209

201

17

0

208

24

247

213

IPS

009

0

17

0

82

203

^42

193

236

0

210

■ 7 *

•_;* /

f-itr

j

32

209

250
201

229

205

210

241

17

210

192

254

0

200

254

3

200

33

193

10

52

201

25

205

10

211

42

194

210

IPS

0

237

S2

10

211

42

194

210

201

34

194

210

151

50

193

210

17

31

0

205

25

211

19

205

211

19

205

25

211

30

1

205

25

211

yT j*T

193

210

94

42

194

210

201

' O

3

137

192

54

3

201

62

7 ?

187

200

60

187

200

54

n

201

1

192

3

37 .

0

208

205

43

211

1

254

0

5

205

77

211

24

3

205

3 R

211

35

13

*7* 7 *

236

16

234

201

33

0

208

1

1

92

*7

126

254

2

40

4

254

*7 ■—>

53

53

-rer*

13

TO

241

16

239

20 1

205

*9

210

205

94

211

205

123

211

201

37.

( )

208

1

192

3

151

119

35

13

7 * •-?

251

16

249

201

Hex code:

FE

00

20

04

3E

© C)

IS

06

FE

0 3

28

F8

3E

4F

E>7

C9

21

00

DO

01

CO

03

7E

CD

C4

D2

OD

20

F8

10

F6

C9

11

CO

D2

19

Di

Di

C9

1 1

00

DO

IS

F7

D5

E5

1 1

00

DO

Co

0 0

ED

cr •*■?

FA

E5

D2

1 1

CO

02

C6

00

ED

52

F2

EC

D2

El

DI

L«/

CD

FI

D2

7E

FE

0 0

ca

FE

03

C3

21

Cl

D2

34

C9

1 Q

JL /

CD

OA

D3

2A

C2

D2

C6

00

ED

tr. 7?

CD

OA

D3

2A

C2

D2

C9

22

C2

D2

32

Cl

D2

11

IF

00

CD

19

D3

13

CD

19

D3

13

CD

19

D3

IE

01

CD

19

D3

21

Cl

D2

5E

2A

C2

D2

C9

3E

t* ) ,

BB

CO

36

03

C9

3E

02

BB

C3

3C

BB

CS

36

02

C9

01

CO

03

21

00

DO

CD

2B

D3

Ttr

/ i—

FE

0 0

20

05

CD

4D

D3

IS

03

CD

54

D3

2? /*»

OD

20

EC

10

EA

C9

21

00

DO

01

CO

O .*

7E

FE

02

28

04

FE

03

20

02

35

35

23

OD

20

FI

10

EF

C9

CD

D4

D2

CD

5E

D3

CD

7B

D3

C9

21

00

DO

01

CO

03

97

77

23

OD

20

FB

10

F9

C9

10 GO TO 40
20 CLEAR 53000

30 PRINT #4s LOAD "LIFE.me" CODE

40 RANDOMIZE USR 54173s REM clear growing surface
50 INPUT "How many cells? "in
60 FOR i=1 TO n
70 PRINT "Cell is"? "!

SO INPUT "Line? ";1,"Column? ";c
90 PRINT Is'V’ic

100 IF PEEK (53248+1*32+c> THEN GO TO 70
110 POKE 53243+1*32+0,1
120 PRINT AT 0,0;

130 RANDOMIZE USR 54163; REM display & generate
140 IF INKEY* THEN GO TO 120

JS CORNER JS CORNER JB CORNER JB CORNER JB

NEWS.

Uncle Clive seems to have obtained a financial respite in the
guise of Robert Maxwe 11 , a newspaper pub 1isher, who has taken
over Sinclair Research for a surn reported to be 12 rni 1 lion
pounds. Clive will no 1onger be the chief executive but head of
research, which could be a good move as he seems to be a better
inventor than a ’market person'. The Spectrum has been around
for three years now and I am sure that the customers are waiting
for something new and innovative to appear. Sinclair means
bri11iant technical novelty, something we have been short of for
a whi1e.

MACHINE CODE BUMPER BUNDLE.

As we seem to have considerable Spectrurn/2068 cornpatabi 1 i ty
here are a few machine code routines for you to try. This fif st
one is probably the shortest machine code program you wiII ever
see, but it does a big job. The program will help you to make a
back up copy of any program of any length. You need two cassette
machines, one to load the program in via the ear socket, the
other to record the new copy via the mike socket. The program
simply outputs to the mike socket whatever comes in the ear
socket. It does produce better results than simply connecting
two machines together, anyway - try it and see.

1 REM Tape to tape copier-
10 FOR n=USR "a" TO USR "a"+8
20 READ c: POKE n,c- NEXT n
30 DATA 243,14,254,237,120,237,121,24,250
40 RANDOMIZE USR USR ,, a••

The program is relocatable but for convenience it is loaded into
the iJDG area. Note that the border colour does not change, and
you will have to pull the plug to get out of the program when
the copy is made.

The next program is a versati le sideways scro1 ling routine, I
tel 1 a lie, it's two routines in one - left and right (neat,
huh?) .

10 LET addr=23296: REM see text

20 FOR a=addr TO addr+49

30 READ b: POKE a,b: NEXT a

40 DATA 6,192,17,0,64,213,225,35,197,1,

31,0,26,237,176,43,119,0,35,35,19,

193,16,241,201,6,192,17,255,87,213,

225,43,197,1,31,0,26,237,184,35,119,

0,43,43,27,193,16,240,201

The routines are 2b bytes 1 ong each, "the left scrol 1 startling at
address addr and the right scroll at addr+25. After you have
carefully typed in the program save a copy to tape then RUN it.
To test the routine you need something on the screen so why not
LIST the program then enter as a direct command - FuR n=l Tu
100: RANDOMIZE USR addr: NEXT n and the display should whip off
smartly to the left. Change addr to addr+25 and it should move
to the right. Calling the USR scrolls the screen by one
character, so you have to cal 1 it repeatedly to get this effect.
Now the address in line 10 (23296) is the start of the printer

buffer, a spare 256 bytes of memory which is very often not
used - un 1 ess y our p r ogram contai ns an LF'R I NT i ns t r uc t i on.
Fortunately the routine is fully relocatable. You could change
line 10 to

10 CLEAR 64999: LET addr=65000

and the routine will be safe above RAMTUP. Ur you could use the
graphics area again by using

1 0 LET addr = USR "a"

Just remember to call addr to go left, addr+25 to go right.

Final 1 y, you will have noticed tha-t as the screen scrol Is it
? wraps round' 1 - characters that move off one side of the display
reappear on the other.. You can swi tch this effect off by doing

POKE addr+16,54: POKE addr+41,54. You can now produce a novel
sideways CLS by calling the routine 32 times.

This next routine is a very useful and powerful programming
aid - we 11 worth the few minutes it will take you to type in. It
provides the Speccy with a feature found on many other machines
- prograrnrnab 1 e function keys. Very useful during programming,
the routine allows you to program any of the alphanumeric keys
with lines of BASIC that can be input - or executed ~ with a
single keypress. I norma Ily use the keys 1 to 0 across the top
of the keyboard, but see later for how to do it. Firstly enter
and RUN the following listing which lowers RAMTuP and pokes the
1 50 bytes of machine code into p1 ace (note that this routine is
NOT relocatable) .

POKE n,a

254,241,193,
127,16,167,2

10 CLEAR 65128: LET tot=0
20 FOR n=65129 TO 65278: READ a:

30 LET tot=tot+a: NEXT ev
40 DATA 255,243,229,213,197,245,205,120
3,203,1,HO,200,33,0,0,57,235,237,123,61,92,225,1
42,83,92,24,2,235,9,35,35,78,35,70,35,84,93,126,254,234,192,35
5,35,126,254,58,32,229,35,126,254,13,40,223,11,11,11,11,197,22
22,19,237,83,91,92,35,235,225,193,237,176,235,43,126,254,35,40
03,1,174,201,1,1,0,205,232,25,62,I3,50,8,92,253,203,1,238,201,

,201,62,62,237,71,237,86,201,0,0,0,0,0,

209,2
37,66

9,42,

, 8,20
62 , 9 ,

, 23
, 92
91 ,
5, 2
237

251,201,
5,249,19
, 190,32,
92,205,8
9,17,253
,71,237,

50 IF tot<>18140 THEN PRINT "DATA ERROR”: BEEP

0

If the above program runs okay you can delete the BASIL with
NEW - the machine code will be safe above RAMTOP. Then type in
the 1oader/instruction screen program.

5 CLEAR 65128: CLS : PRINT "LEAVE TAPE RUNNING”: BEEF* .4,20: LOAD ""CODE
10 CLS : PRINT "PROGRAMMABLE FUNCTION KEYS"

20 PRINT ’" Any key can be programmed to produce other characters or r

tines.” ? " Set up the functions with REMsat the start of the program. E.g. -

REM (key) : (functi on) "

30 PRINT ? "1 REM !: BORDER 7: PAPER 7 -

INK 0: BRIGHT 04"

40 PRINT 7 " This wi11 reset the colours onpressing ! (symbol shift/1). Theft i
ndicates a command to be carried out i.e. an 7 ENTER' .

50 PRINT " The routine is switched=" 7 "ON - RANDOMIZE USR 65260" 7 "OFF - RANDuM
IZE IJSR 65267" 7 7 "Press any key to delete BASIC.

60 RANDOMIZE USR 65260
70 PAUSE 0
80 NEW

9999 SAVE Tunc keys" LINE 1: SAVE "mc"CuDE 65129,150

Note that the contents of the PRINT lines are spaced to
produce a neat output on the 32 column screen. When you are
sati f i ed that all is we 1 1 save both E'> A SIL- and uuDE to tape by
doing SO TO 9999.

Your function keys are set up in REM 1ines at the start of the
program you are typing in. clear out the BASIC then do RANDuMISE
USR 65260 to switch the routine on. The basic format of the
function is (line number) REM (key) - (function) So, type in

1 REM !: BORDER 7: PAPER 7: INK 0: BRIGHT 0 After you have
entered this line whenever you press ! (symbol shift 1 ) those
words wi11 appear in your input line. Remember that whatever
comes after the first colon is the function programmed onto the
before the colon. EDIT down line 1 and add a "ft" at the end
The"ft" acts like a ENTER command and causes the
carried out. Now when you press ! the words do
the colours are reset immediately. Now enter this

key

after BRIGHT 0
function to be
not appear but

1 i ne

2 REM :, Note that there is a space before the colon and a
comma after it. Now, whenever you press the space bar a comma

are entering in lots of DATA - as

appears, very useful when your
in the program above! Try

3 REM 0: FOR
press the zero
only REM 1ines
effect. If you
program a key

n= 1 TO 20: BEEP . 01, n: NEXT rift Now, whenever
your computer gives a 1ittle tri11! Note
at the start of your program will have
want to do a normal REM i.e. one that
then just place a after the REM, like

you
that
th i s
doesn 7 t
5 REM
switch off a
further down

★normal rem - and it will have no effect. You can
programming REM line by entering a “* , moving it
the "listing, or doing RANDOMIZE USR 65267 which switches the
whole routine off. This routine is worth experimenting with,
remember that you can program almost any sort of routine -
renumber,screen save, memory printout, printer routine etc.
onto any key.

I hope these programs work for you

and that you find them